Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ukuxhumeka Kwegridi Yamasethi Ejeneretha Kadizili Ngogesi KaMasipala

(2) Qinisekisa Amapharamitha Emishini Ukuqinisekisa Ukuvumelana Okufanayo

Isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuxhumeka kwegridiamasethi ejenerethaNgokusebenzisa amandla kamasipala, imingcele kagesi yalezi zibili iyafana ngokuphelele. Lokhu kufana nokuhlanganiswa kwamagiya amabili ajikelezayo, okumele afinyelele "usayizi ohambisanayo, isivinini esifanayo, namazinyo aqondile". Ngokuqondile, kumele kuhlangatshezwane nezimo ezilandelayo ezine ezibalulekile, okungekho noyedwa kuzo ongalahleka:

• Ukulandelana Kwesigaba Okuvumelanayo: Imiphumela yesigaba sesithathu sika-A, B, kanye no-C yesethi yejeneretha kumele ihambisane ngokuqinile nesigaba sesithathu sika-A, B, kanye no-C samandla kamasipala, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuxhumeka kwegridi. Uma ukulandelana kwesigaba kungalungile, kuzoholela ezingozini ezinkulu ezifana namasekethe amafushane kanye nokuqhuma kwemishini. Ukulandelana kwesigaba kungaqinisekiswa ngemitha yokulandelana kwesigaba ukuqinisekisa izintambo ezifanele.
• I-Voltage Elinganayo: Inani elisebenzayo le-voltage yokukhipha yesethi yejenereyitha kumele lihambisane ne-voltage yamandla kamasipala, ngokuvamile livumela ukuphambuka okuncane okungu-±0.5%. Uma i-voltage iphezulu kakhulu, izodlulisela amandla asabelayo kugridi; uma i-voltage iphansi kakhulu, isethi yejenereyitha ayikwazi ukuthwala umthwalo osethiwe. Ugesi wokuvuselela ungalungiswa nge-Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) ukuze kufezwe ukufaniswa kwe-voltage.
• Imvamisa Efanayo: Imvamisa ejwayelekile yamandla kamasipala eShayina ingu-50Hz. Imvamisa yokukhipha yesethi yejeneretha kumele ivumelaniswe ngokuphelele nemvamisa yamandla kamasipala, lapho ukuphambuka kulawulwa ngaphakathi kuka-±0.05Hz. Ukungafani kwemvamisa kuzobangela ukuguquguquka kwamandla phakathi kweyunithi negridi, okulimaza imishini. Ukuvumelanisa imvamisa kungatholakala ngokulungisa ijubane lenjini kadizili.
• Isigaba Esihambisanayo: I-engeli yesigaba se-voltage yokukhipha yesethi yejenereyitha kumele ihambisane ngokuphelele neye-voltage yamandla kamasipala, futhi umehluko we-voltage esheshayo ucishe ube yi-zero. Lesi yisimo esidinga kakhulu. Ukuphambuka kwesigaba okweqile kuzokhiqiza ugesi omkhulu wokungena, kushise ukugoqa kwejenereyitha, futhi kuphule umgodi ojikelezayo. Ingaqashwa futhi ilungiswe nge-synchroscope noma idivayisi yokuvumelanisa okuzenzakalelayo.

(3) Hlola Isimo Semishini bese Ususa Izingozi Ezingase Zicashe

Ngaphambi kokuxhumeka kwegridi, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwesethi yejenereyitha yedizili kanye nemishini esekelayo kumele kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho maphutha noma izingozi ezifihliwe: okokuqala, hlola isethi yejenereyitha ngokwayo, qala iyunithi ukuthi ayisebenzi kahle yini, qinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lamanzi, izinga lokushisa likawoyela, kanye nokucindezela kukawoyela kujwayelekile, ngaphandle komsindo ongavamile noma ukudlidliza okunamandla, futhi amandla okukhipha angaphansi kuka-85% wamandla alinganisiwe; okwesibili, hlola imishini ehlobene negridi, okuhlanganisa amadivayisi okulawula ukuvumelanisa, ama-circuit breakers axhunywe kugridi, ama-protection relay, njll., ukuqinisekisa izintambo eziqinile, amathuluzi abucayi, kanye namadivayisi aphelele futhi asebenzayo njengokuvikela amandla angemuva, ukuvikela ugesi ongaphezulu, kanye nokuvikela ugesi omfushane; okwesithathu, hlola indawo yegumbi lekhompyutha, izinga lokushisa legumbi lekhompyutha lilawulwa ku-5℃-35℃, umswakama ohlobene ungaphansi kuka-75%, futhi umoya omuhle ukugwema ukushabalaliswa kokushisa okubi kweyunithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, gcina uwoyela kawoyela owanele, setha amathangi okugcina uwoyela angaphezu kwamabili ukuze kube lula ukuna kwamafutha amasha, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amanzi okupholisa anikezwa amandla adonsela phansi ukuze ugweme ukuthintwa ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kamasipala.

II. Ngesikhathi Sokuxhumeka Kwegridi: Yenza Izinqubo Zokusebenza Zibe Zijwayelekile Futhi Ugweme Izingozi Zokusebenza

Imisebenzi yokuxhumeka kwegridi kumele ilandele isimiso "sokutholwa kokuqala, bese kulungiswa, bese kuvalwa ekugcineni", futhi isetshenziswe opharetha abangochwepheshe kuyo yonke inqubo. Abasebenzi abangebona ochwepheshe abavunyelwe ngokuphelele ukubamba iqhaza. Izinqubo ezithile kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha yilezi ezilandelayo:

(1) Khetha Indlela Efanele Yokuxhuma Igridi

Kunezindlela ezimbili ezivamile zokuxhuma igridi, okufanele zikhethwe ngokwesimo sangempela: okokuqala, ukuxhumana kwegridi okuzenzakalelayo. Ngedivayisi yokulawula ukuvumelanisa (njengezilawuli eziphezulu ezifana ne-Deep Sea ne-ComAp), iqapha ngesikhathi sangempela amapharamitha egridi yamandla kanye nesethi yejeneretha, ilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ijubane kanye ne-voltage, ibambe iphuzu lokuvumelanisa, bese ikhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo umyalo wokuvala. Ifanele amayunithi amakhulu noma izimo ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokuqhubeka kokunikezwa kwamandla, ngokusebenza okuphumelelayo nokunembile; okwesibili, ukuxhumana kwegridi ngesandla. Qaphela amapharamitha ngokusebenzisa izibani ze-synchroscope kanye nezinkomba zokuvumelanisa, lungisa ngesandla ijubane lenjini yedizili kanye nogesi wokuvuselela, bese uvala ngesandla iswishi ngemuva kokuba amapharamitha efanisiwe. Ifanele amayunithi amancane, edinga opharetha ukuba babe nolwazi olucebile futhi bakwazi ukwahlulela ngokunembile iphuzu lokuvumelanisa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uxhumano lwegridi ngesandla lungasebenzisa indlela yesibani esimnyama noma indlela yokujikeleza kokukhanya ukuze lwahlulele isimo sokuvumelanisa: indlela yesibani esimnyama ihlulela umehluko we-voltage ngokuvala kwebhalbhu, kanti indlela yokujikeleza kokukhanya ihlulela umehluko wemvamisa kanye nokulandelana kwesigaba ngesivinini sokujikeleza kanye nesiqondiso sokukhanya. Uma izibani zivuleka futhi zicima ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubonisa iphutha lokulandelana kwesigaba, futhi izintambo kumele zilungiswe ngaphambi kokuzama futhi.

(2) Sebenzisa Ngokuqinile Imininingwane Yokusebenza Kokuvala

Uma idivayisi yokuvumelanisa ibonisa ukuthi amapharamitha afanelana ngokuphelele (umehluko we-voltage, umehluko wemvamisa, kanye nomehluko wesigaba konke kungaphakathi kwebanga elivunyelwe), umsebenzi wokuvala ungenziwa: i-circuit breaker exhunywe kugridi kumele isebenze kancane ngesikhathi sokuvala ukuze kugwenywe ugesi wokungena obangelwa ukusebenza okusheshayo kakhulu; qaphela ngokushesha isimo sokusebenza kweyunithi ngemuva kokuvala, kufaka phakathi amapharamitha afana nogesi, ugesi, ugesi, kanye namandla, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho okungajwayelekile. Uma kunezinkinga ezifana nogesi wokungena ngokweqile kanye nomsindo ongajwayelekile weyunithi, iswishi kumele ivulwe ngokushesha, futhi uxhumano lwegridi lungazanywa futhi ngemva kokuxazulula izinkinga.

Isikhumbuzo esikhethekile: Ukuvala ngenkani lapho amapharamitha engalingani akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuxhumeka kwegridi okungavumelani kuyindlela eyingozi kakhulu, ezokhiqiza i-torque enkulu yomshini kanye nomsinga wamandla okungena, okungenzeka kuholele ekulimaleni kokugoqa kwejeneretha, ukuqhuma kwe-circuit breaker, futhi kuthinte ngisho negridi yamandla kamasipala, kwandise ububanzi bamaphutha.

(3) Ukudlulisa Umthwalo Ngokushelelayo

Ngemva kokuvala ngempumelelo, wonke umthwalo awukwazi ukudluliselwa kusethi yejenereyitha ngokushesha. Umthwalo kumele wandiswe kancane kancane: okokuqala, sebenzisa umthwalo olula isikhathi esithile, bheka ukuthi amapharamitha eyunithi azinzile yini, bese ukhulisa umthwalo kancane kancane ube yisilinganiso esihleliwe ukuze ugweme ukujikijeleka kwemvamisa kanye nokusha kweyunithi okubangelwa ukwengezwa komthwalo okungazelelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo kufanele kulungiswe ngohlelo lokuphatha amandla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isethi yejenereyitha kanye namandla kamasipala abelana ngomthwalo ngokufanele. Uma amasethi amaningi ejenereyitha exhunywe kugridi, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asebenzayo kanye namandla asebenzayo asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, kugwenywe isimo lapho iyunithi eyodwa igcwele kakhulu kanti enye ilayishwa kancane, futhi kuvinjelwe ukugeleza kwamandla asebenzayo emishinini evuthayo.

III. Ukuxhumeka Kwegridi Ngemva Kokuxhunywa: Qinisa Ukuqapha Ukuphepha Nokuqinisekisa Ukusebenza Okuzinzile

Ukuxhumeka kwegridi okuphumelelayo akusona isiphetho. Ukuqapha okulandelayo ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokuvikelwa kokuphepha kuyizihluthulelo zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside. Amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele agxilwe kuwo:

(1) Ukuqapha Kwangempela Kwamapharamitha Okusebenza

Hlela abasebenzi abakhethekile abasebenza ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqapha amapharamitha okusebenza kwesethi yejeneretha kanye namandla kamasipala, okuhlanganisa i-voltage, imvamisa, ugesi, amandla, isigaba, izinga lokushisa lamanzi, izinga lokushisa likawoyela, njll., nokugcina amarekhodi okusebenza. Uma kutholakala amapharamitha angajwayelekile (njengokushintshashintsha kwemvamisa kudlula ibanga elivunyelwe, ukuphakama nokwehla okungazelelwe kwe-voltage, amandla abuyela emuva, njll.), izinyathelo kumele zithathwe ngokushesha. Uma kudingeka, nquma inkinobho exhunywe kugridi, nqamula isethi yejeneretha kugridi, bese uxhuma kabusha kugridi ngemva kokuxazulula izinkinga. Phakathi kwazo, ukuvikelwa kwamandla abuyela emuva kuyinto eza kuqala. Lapho igridi yamandla idlulisela amandla emuva kusethi yejeneretha (isethi yejeneretha iba yimoto kagesi), i-relay yamandla abuyela emuva kumele isebenze ngokushesha ukuze inqume isekethe futhi ivimbele injini yedizili ukuthi ingadonswa futhi yonakale.

(2) Yenza Umsebenzi Omuhle Ekuhlukaniseni Ugesi Nokuvikela Isisekelo

Uma isethi yejenereyitha ixhunywe kugridi yamandla kamasipala, kufanele kusethwe idivayisi yokuhlukanisa kagesi ethembekile, futhi kumele kufakwe idivayisi yokuxhumanisa ukuze kuvinjelwe uxhumano lwegridi olungalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igobolondo lensimbi, ibhulakhethi, njll. lesethi yejenereyitha kufanele lisebenzise indlela efanayo yokuxhumanisa, futhi umzimba wokuxhumanisa kufanele uxhunywe kahle futhi ngokuqinile, ngenani lokumelana nokushisa elingaphezu kuka-0.5MΩ, ukuze kugwenywe izingozi zokushaqeka kukagesi noma umonakalo wemishini obangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kokuxhumanisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ukuhlanganisa ngokungahleliwe ukunikezwa kukagesi kwesethi yejenereyitha namandla kamasipala, futhi uxhumano lwegridi olungagunyaziwe aluvunyelwe ngaphandle kokusetha idivayisi yokuxhumanisa.

(3) Yenza kube yinto efanayo ukusebenza kokukhipha uxhumano

Uma kudingeka ukuvala noma ugesi kamasipala ubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile, umthwalo wesethi yejenereyitha kumele udluliselwe kahle emuva kugesi kamasipala kuqala. Ngemva kokuba umthwalo weyunithi ususondele ku-zero (noma amandla amancane kakhulu abuyela emuva), umyalo wokuvula ukhishwa ukuze kunqanyulwe isethi yejenereyitha kugridi. Ngemva kokukhipha, isethi yejenereyitha kufanele isebenze ngaphandle komthwalo isikhathi esithile bese ivala ngemva kokupholisa ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo emishinini obangelwa ukuvala okushisa okuphezulu. Uma ugesi kamasipala ubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyunithi ishintshela ngokuzenzakalelayo ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi kamasipala, futhi iyunithi iphuma ngokuzenzakalelayo emsebenzini futhi ivale ngokubambezeleka, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zezinga le-GB51348-2019.

IV. Ukusebenza Nokulungiswa Kwansuku Zonke: Ukuhlolwa Okuvamile Nokulungiswa Ukuze Kuncishiswe Amathuba Okuphutha

Ukusebenza nokugcinwa kwansuku zonke kuyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuxhumeka kwegridi. Kumelwe kusungulwe uhlelo oluphelele lokulungisa ukuze kuhlolwe, kunakekelwe futhi kuhlolwe imishini njalo. Amaphuzu athile alandelayo:

• Ukusebenza Okuvamile Kwesilingo: Yenza umsebenzi wokuhlola isethi yejeneretha ngaphandle kokulayisha kanye ngenyanga, isikhathi ngasinye okungenani imizuzu eyi-15, ukuhlola ukusebenza kokuqala kweyunithi, ukuzwela kwethuluzi, kanye nesimo sokusebenza kwemishini; yenza ukuhlolwa komthwalo kanye ngekota ukuze ulingise isimo sokuxhumeka kwegridi futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwedivayisi yokuvumelanisa kanye nedivayisi yokuvikela.
• Ukulungiswa Kwemishini: Shintsha njalo uwoyela wedizili, uwoyela wenjini, i-coolant, kanye nezihlungi zomoya, bese uhlola ukuvuza kwamapayipi kaphethiloli kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa; lungisa njalo imishini efana nama-synchroscope, izilawuli ze-voltage, kanye nama-relay okuvikela ukuqinisekisa imingcele enembile; ezindaweni ezibandayo, kufanele kuhlinzekwe ngokushisa kwegumbi lekhompyutha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyunithi ingaqala kahle esimweni esiphuthumayo.
• Ukuxazulula Amaphutha: Setha i-akhawunti yephutha, urekhode ngesikhathi esifanele futhi uxazulule izinkinga ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuxhumeka kwegridi (njengokwehluleka kokuxhumeka kwegridi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okungalingani, ukujikeleza kwegazi ngokweqile, njll.), hlaziya imbangela yephutha, futhi ugweme ukuphinda kwezinkinga ezifanayo. Isibonelo, uma kukhona ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okungalingani, kungase kube ngenxa yokubhajwa kwe-governor noma izintambo ezingalungile ze-transformer yamanje, okudingeka ilungiswe futhi ilungiswe ngesikhathi.
• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi: Abaqhubi kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa kobungcweti, bajwayelane nezinqubo zokusebenza kokuxhumeka kwegridi, ukusebenza kwemishini, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha, futhi bangawuqala umsebenzi kuphela ngemva kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa. Ukusebenza okungagunyaziwe akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele; hlela ukuvivinya okuphuthumayo njalo ukuze uthuthukise ikhono labaqhubi lokusingatha amaphutha angazelelwe.

V. Isifinyezo: Hlonipha Imininingwane bese Ufinyelela Ukuxhumeka Kwegridi Ephephile

Ukuxhumeka kwegridi yamasethi ejenereyitha kadizili ngamandla kamasipala kuyindlela eqondile "ukungasebenzi kahle njengemayela". Akudingi nje kuphela ukuhlangabezana nezimo zobuchwepheshe eziqinile kodwa futhi kulandele izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, futhi kufaka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kanye nokugcinwa kanye nokuvikelwa kokuphepha. Kusukela ekuphathweni kweziqu kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwamapharamitha ngaphambi kokuxhumeka kwegridi, kuya ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kanye nokudluliselwa komthwalo ngesikhathi sokuxhumeka kwegridi, bese kuba ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokucubungula ukunqanyulwa ngemva kokuxhumeka kwegridi, zonke izixhumanisi azikwazi ukuba budedengu.

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ikakhulukazi ukuthi abasebenzi abangebona ochwepheshe bavinjelwe ngokuphelele ukusebenzisa imishini exhunywe kugridi. Ukuxhumeka kwegridi okungagunyaziwe kanye nokusebenza okungajwayelekile ngeke kulimaze imishini kuphela kodwa futhi kubangele ukwehluleka kwegridi yamandla kanye nezingozi zokuphepha komuntu siqu. Kubasebenzisi bamandla abavamile, uma uxhumano lwegridi yesikhathi eside lungadingeki, inkinobho yokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo "yokukhiqiza amandla kamasipala" ejwayelekile (i-ATS) iyindlela ephephile, engabizi kakhulu, futhi ehambisanayo.

Kuphela ngokuhlonipha imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, ukusebenzisa ngokuqinile izinqubo zokusebenza, nokwenza umsebenzi omuhle ekusebenzeni nasekulungiseni kwansuku zonke lapho singanikeza khona ukusebenza okugcwele ezinzuzweni zokuxhumeka kwegridi yamasethi ejenereyitha kadizili ngogesi kamasipala, sifinyelele ukunikezwa kwamandla okuphephile, okuzinzile, nokusebenza kahle, kanye nokukhiqizwa nokuphila kwe-escort.