Ekusebenzeni okuxhunywe kugridi kwe-high-voltageamasethi ejeneretha kadizili, ukuqonda kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kuhlobene ngqo nokuzinza kweyunithi, ukuphepha kwegridi yamandla kanye nokuphila kwesevisi yemishini. Njengebhizinisi eligxile ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwemishini yamandla kanye nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe, sihlanganisa ulwazi olusebenzayo endaweni ukuze sihlaziye ngokuphelele izinkinga eziyinhloko, amaphutha avamile kanye nezixazululo zokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kwamasethi ejeneretha kadizili axhunywe kugridi (10.5kV/6.3kV), okuhlinzeka ngezinkomba ezisebenzayo kubalingani bemboni.
I. Izimiso Eziyinhloko: Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokusatshalaliswa Kwamandla Asebenzayo
Uma kuqhathaniswa namayunithi ane-voltage ephansi, umqondo oyinhloko wokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kwe-high-voltage exhunywe kugridiamasethi ejeneretha kadizilikuyafana, kodwa izidingo zokufanisa amapharamitha kanye nokuvikelwa kokufakwa kokushisa ziqinile kakhulu. Izimiso zayo eziyinhloko zingafingqwa zibe amaphuzu amathathu: i-AVR Droop ehambisanayo, ireferensi yokuvuselela ehambisanayo, kanye nokucindezelwa kwamanje okujikelezayo endaweni. Uma lezi zimiso ezintathu seziphuliwe, izinkinga ezifana nokungalingani kwamandla okusabela, ukujikeleza kwamanje okweqile, ukujikijela kwamandla kagesi, ngisho nokushisa ngokweqile kwedivayisi noma iyunithi ye-AVR kanye nokukhubeka kungenzeka, okuzothinta kakhulu ukuzinza kohlelo oluxhunywe kugridi.
Ngokwesimiso, amandla asebenzayo i-Q anqunywa yi-excitation current kanye ne-terminal voltage, futhi alawula ukulawulwa okuhlanganisiwe ngamandla asebenzayo (alawulwa yi-governor). Uma iyunithi eyodwa isebenza, ukwanda kwamandla asebenzayo kuzokhulisa i-terminal voltage, okuzokhulisa amandla asebenzayo futhi kwehlise i-power factor; lapho amayunithi amaningi exhunywe kugridi, i-system voltage ihlukile, futhi iyunithi ngayinye idinga ukusabalalisa amandla asebenzayo ngokwesici se-Q-V droop (droop). Ifomula eyinhloko ithi (lapho kusethwa khona i-voltage engenamthwalo, yi-droop coefficient, futhi yi-reactive power yeyunithi ngokwayo).
Izimo ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa uxhumano oluzinzile lwegridi yilezi: wonke amayunithi kumele abekwe nge-droop enhle (, ububanzi obujwayelekile bungu-2%–5%), futhi ukusebenza okuqondile okuhambisanayo okungena-droop noma i-droop engemihle akuvunyelwe; ama-coefficients e-droop eyunithi ngayinye kumele ahambisane (ukwehla okufanayo kwamayunithi anomthamo ofanayo, futhi afane ngokulingana okuphambene nomthamo wamayunithi anomthamo ohlukene); i-voltage engenamthwalo kumele ilinganiswe njalo ukuze kugwenywe ukujikeleza kwamandla okungokwemvelo.
II. Ubunzima Obuhlukile kanye Namathiphu Engozi Yokuxhumeka Kwegridi Enamandla Kakhulu
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga ezivamile zamayunithi ane-voltage ephansi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kwamasethi ejeneretha kadizili ane-voltage ephezulu axhunywe kugridi (10.5kV/6.3kV) kunezinkinga ezilandelayo ezihlukile okudingeka kugxilwe kuzo:
1. Izidingo Eziqinile Zokumelana Nokushisa Nokushisa I-Voltage
Izinga lokufakwa komoya kwezinhlelo zokuvuselela amandla kagesi aphezulu, amadivayisi e-AVR, ama-PT (ama-Potential Transformers), ama-CT (ama-Current Transformers) kanye nezintambo zokuxhuma kumele zihambisane nendawo enamandla kagesi aphezulu; ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkinga ezifana nokuqhekeka komoya, ukuqhekeka komoya kanye nokusebenza kabi kwemishini kungenzeka. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi umonakalo wamandla ajikelezayo ajikelezayo ohlangothini lwe-high voltage mkhulu kakhulu kunalowo ohlangothini lwe-low voltage. Ugesi ojikelezayo ngokweqile uzokwandisa ugesi we-stator futhi ubangele ukushisa ngokweqile komoya, okuholela emaphutheni amakhulu njenge-inter-turn short circuit kanye nokushiswa komoya.
2. Ukunemba kwe-PT/CT kanye nokuxhuma izintambo akukwazi ukunakwa
Amaphutha ku-transformation ratio, i-polarity kanye nochungechunge lwesigaba se-PT kanye ne-CT kuzoholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-AVR sampling, okubangela ukuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kwe-excitation, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekungalinganini okukhulu kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kanye ne-voltage oscillation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isekethe yesibili ye-CT ohlangothini lwe-high-voltage ivinjelwe ngokuphelele ukuvula, ngaphandle kwalokho izokhiqiza izinkulungwane zama-voltage e-overvoltage, ilimaze ngqo i-AVR kanye nemishini yesekethe yokulawula.
3. Ukungafani kwe-AVR Drop kuyingozi evamile efihliwe
Ukungafani kwe-AVR droop coefficient kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela okungalingani ekuxhumekeni kwegridi ye-high-voltage: uma umehluko wama-droop coefficients phakathi kwamayunithi anomthamo ofanayo udlula u-0.5%, iphutha lokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela lizodlula u-10%; uma amayunithi anomthamo ohlukile engabeki i-droop coefficient ngokulingana okuphambene nomthamo, iyunithi enkulu izolayishwa kancane futhi iyunithi encane izogcwala ngamandla okusabela. Ngenxa yamandla amakhulu okuvuselela amayunithi anomthamo ophezulu, izinkinga zamandla okujikeleza kanye nokushisa kwemishini ezibangelwa ukungafani kwe-droop zizobonakala kakhulu.
4. Umehluko Wesistimu Yokuvusa Intukuthelo kanye Nezingozi Zokuxhumeka Kwegridi Ngogesi KaMasipala
Uma ukuvusa okungenamabhulashi kanye nokuvusa okuxutshwe ngebhulashi, ukuvusa okuhlanganisiwe kwesigaba kanye nokuvusa okulawulwayo kuxutshwe kumayunithi axhunywe ngegridi, kuzoholela ezicini zangaphandle ezingahambisani zamayunithi, okubangela ukukhukhuleka kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kanye nokungazinzi kwe-voltage; umehluko ekuvinjelweni kokugoqana kokuvusa kwamayunithi ane-voltage ephezulu uzophinde ubangele ukungalingani kwamandla okusabela, okuholela ekungalinganini kwamandla okusabela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho igridi ixhunywe namandla kamasipala (igridi enkulu yamandla, isici esingawi),isethi yejenereyitha kadizilikumele ibekwe ngokuncipha okuhle okungu-3%–5%, ngaphandle kwalokho "izokhishwa ebhalansini" yigridi yamandla, okuholela ezinkingeni ezifana nokubuyela emuva kwamandla okusabela, ukugcwala kwe-AVR kanye nokukhubeka kweyunithi; ukunemba okunganele kokuvumelanisa kwe-voltage, imvamisa kanye nesigaba ngaphambi kokuxhumeka kwegridi nakho kuzobangela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yokuvuselela, okuholela ekungalinganini kokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela.
III. Izinkinga Ezivamile Neziqondiso Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Ezisheshayo
Ekusebenzeni endaweni, lezi zenzakalo zamaphutha ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukuthola ngokushesha izinkinga zokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxazulula izinkinga:
- Isenzakalo 1: Iyunithi eyodwa inamandla amakhulu okusabela kanye ne-factor yamandla aphansi (isb., 0.7), kanti enye iyunithi inamandla amancane okusabela kanye ne-factor yamandla aphezulu (isb., 0.95) — Imbangela eyinhloko: Ukuthambekela kwe-AVR okungaguquki kanye nezilungiselelo ze-voltage ezingenamthwalo ezingalingani.
- Isenzakalo 2: Ukunyakaza kwamandla kagesi okuvamile kanye nokukhukhuleka kwamandla okusabela emuva naphambili ngemva kokuxhumeka kwegridi — Imbangela eyinhloko: I-Droop coefficient eseduze no-zero (akukho droop), i-negative droop, noma uhlelo lokuvusa olungazinzile.
- Isenzakalo 3: Ukukhubeka njalo kwamaswishi ane-voltage ephezulu, izinga lokushisa elidlulele le-stator, kanye ne-alamu yokushisa ngokweqile ye-AVR — Imbangela eyinhloko: Amandla aphindaphindayo okusabela ajikeleza ugesi, amandla aphindaphindayo okusabela eyunithi eyodwa, noma ukwehluleka kwe-PT/CT.
- Isenzakalo 4: Ngemva kokuxhumeka kwegridi namandla kamasipala, amandla okusabela esethi yejenereyitha yedizili aba mancane (amandla okusabela adonsayo) futhi isici samandla siyahola — Imbangela eyinhloko: Ukusetha i-voltage yesethi yejenereyitha yedizili kuphansi kune-voltage yegridi, ukwehla kuncane kakhulu, noma ukuvusa akwanele.
IV. Izixazululo Ezisebenzayo Zasendaweni
Sihlose inkinga yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kwamasethi ejeneretha kadizili axhunywe kugridi, kuhlanganiswe nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo endaweni, singaqala ngezindlela ezintathu: ukulinganiswa kokuxhumeka kwangaphambi kwegridi, ukulungiswa kahle kokuxhumeka kwangemva kwegridi, kanye nokuphathwa okuqondile kwamandla okucindezela aphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela okunengqondo kanye nokusebenza kohlelo okuzinzile.
1. Ukuxhumeka Kwangaphambi Kwegridi: Ukulinganisa Ukuvumelana Kwepharamitha Yokuziphatha
Ukulinganiswa kwepharamitha ngaphambi kokuxhumeka kwegridi kuyisisekelo sokugwema izinkinga zokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela. Amaphuzu amathathu abalulekile okudingeka agxilwe kuwo: okokuqala, ukusethwa kwe-AVR droop. I-droop coefficient yamayunithi anomthamo ofanayo ilawulwa ku-2%–5% (okuvamile okungu-4%), futhi wonke amayunithi ahambisana ngokuphelele; kumayunithi anamakhono ahlukene, i-droop coefficient isethwe ngokulingana okuphambene nomthamo (). Isibonelo, iyunithi engu-1000kVA isethwe ku-4%, kanti iyunithi engu-500kVA isethwe ku-8%. Okwesibili, ukulinganiswa kwe-voltage engenamthwalo. I-voltage yesibili ye-PT ohlangothini lwe-voltage ephezulu ihlanganisiwe (isb., 100V), kanti ukuphambuka kwe-voltage engenamthwalo ye-AVR kulawulwa ngaphakathi kuka-±0.5%. Okwesithathu, ukuhlolwa kwe-PT/CT. Hlola ukuthi isilinganiso sokuguqulwa, i-polarity kanye nokulandelana kwesigaba kulungile yini, qinisekisa ukubekelwa phansi okuthembekile kwesekethe yesibili, futhi uvimbele ngokuqinile ukuvulwa kwesekethe yesibili ye-CT.
2. Ukuxhumeka Kwangemva Kwegridi: Lungisa Ngokunembile Ukusatshalaliswa Kwamandla Okusebenzayo
Ngemva kokuxhumeka kwegridi, isimiso "sokuzinzisa amandla asebenzayo kuqala, bese kulungiswa amandla asebenzayo" kufanele silandelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe kancane kancane ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla asebenzayo: okokuqala, qaphela imitha yamandla asebenzayo, imitha yamandla kanye nedatha yamamitha kagesi yeyunithi ngayinye; uma iyunithi inamandla aphezulu asebenzayo (i-factor yamandla aphansi), ukuvusa kweyunithi kungancishiswa (inani eliphansi elinikezwe yi-AVR); uma amandla asebenzayo ephansi (i-factor yamandla aphezulu), ukuvusa kweyunithi kungandiswa. Umgomo wokugcina ukuqaphela ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla asebenzayo ngokulingana nomthamo, ngephutha lokusabalalisa lilawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-±10% (ngokuvumelana ne-GB/T 2820 standard), ukuphambuka kwe-voltage ≤±5%, kanye ne-factor yamandla kugcinwe ku-0.8–0.9 lisalele emuva. Uma izimo zivuma, umsebenzi wokusatshalaliswa komthwalo ozenzakalelayo we-AVR (isinxephezelo somugqa olinganayo/umjikelezo wamanje) ungavulwa. Kumayunithi aphezulu e-voltage, imigqa yokulinganisa ye-DC (yemodeli efanayo) noma ukulawula ukujikijela kwamandla asebenzayo kuyathandwa ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulungisa.
3. Ukuphathwa okuqondene namandla aphezulu: Qinisa Ukuvikelwa Nokushiswa
Ngokwezici zamayunithi ane-voltage ephezulu, kudingeka izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokucindezela ukujikeleza kwamanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kokushisa: faka idivayisi yokuqapha nokuvikela ukujikeleza kwamanje ene-voltage ephezulu, ezobona i-alamu ebambezelekile noma ukukhubeka lapho ukujikeleza kwamanje kudlula indinganiso (edlula u-5% wamanje olinganiselwe) ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo wemishini; amasekethe okucindezela ugesi aphezulu, amadivayisi e-AVR kanye nezintambo zokuxhuma kusebenzisa ibanga lokufaka ugesi F noma ngaphezulu, futhi ukumelana nokuhlolwa kwe-voltage kwenziwa njalo ukuze kuhlolwe izingozi ezifihliwe zokufakwa kokushisa ngesikhathi esifanele; amasethi ejeneretha kadizili ane-voltage ephezulu endaweni efanayo kufanele azame ukusebenzisa imodi efanayo yokucindezela kanye nemodeli ye-AVR ukuze kugwenywe izici zangaphandle ezingahambisani ezibangelwa ukuxubana.
V. Imikhawulo Ejwayelekile kanye Neziphakamiso Zebhizinisi
Ngokusho kwe-GB/T 2820 ejwayelekile kazwelonke, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela kwamasethi ejeneretha kadizili axhunywe kugridi kumele kuhlangabezane nemingcele elandelayo: iphutha lokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela, ≤±10% kumayunithi anomthamo ofanayo, ≤±10% kumayunithi amakhulu kanye ≤±20% kumayunithi amancane anomthamo ohlukene; izinga lokulawula i-voltage (droop) lilawulwa ku-2%–5% (droop enhle), kanye nokusebenza okuqondile okuhambisanayo okungenawo ukwehla noma ukwehla okungekuhle kuvinjelwe; ukujikeleza kwamandla kagesi ≤5% wamandla kagesi alinganisiwe, okufanele alawulwe ngokuqinile kumayunithi anomthamo ophezulu.
Uma sihlanganisa neminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho embonini, siphakamisa ukuthi amabhizinisi alandele ngokuqinile izimiso "zokulinganiswa kokuxhumeka kwangaphambi kwegridi, ukuqapha uxhumano lwangemva kwegridi kanye nokugcinwa okuvamile" lapho amasethi ejeneretha kadizili ane-voltage ephezulu esebenza ngokuxhunywa kwegridi: gxila ekulinganiseni i-droop coefficient, i-voltage engenamthwalo kanye namapharamitha e-PT/CT ngaphambi kokuxhumeka kwegridi; qapha ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusabela ngesikhathi sangempela, ukujikeleza kwamandla kagesi kanye nokushisa kwemishini ngemva kokuxhumeka kwegridi; thola njalo futhi ulondoloze uhlelo lokuvuselela kanye nokusebenza kokushisa ukuze ugweme amaphutha ahlobene nokusabalalisa kwamandla okusabela avela emthonjeni futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza okuzinzile kweyunithi kanye negridi yamandla.
Uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga ezithile ekusabalalisweni kwamandla okusabela kwamasethi ejeneretha kadizili axhunywe kugridi, ungaxhumana nethimba lethu lobuchwepheshe, futhi sizokunikeza isiqondiso nezixazululo zomuntu ngamunye endaweni.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-28-2026
